Micrococcus (mi’ krō kŏk’ Əs) is a genus of bacteria in the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcus spp. SURVEILLANCE: Monitor for symptoms. Isolates from these and other similar dry cured meats are ascribed to the genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Penicillin acylse was more active against ampicillin. enzyme is active over a broad pH range (6.0–9.0). This effect occurs within the complete pH range where lysozyme activity is detectable. The database ranks the pathogenicity of species on a scale of 1 to 4 - 1 being not Lytic activity was also found to be active at a pH range of 6-8. Its optimal temperature range for growth is 25° to 37°C. worked better at pH 6. The pH of the seeded M. luteus test medium changed from pH 6.6 before incubation to 8.7 after 24 hours incubation at 30 degrees C. When the same 33 kidneys were tested by the B. subtilis BGA method, medium pH 6, and 15 of them also by the M. luteus method using a medium buffered to pH 6, all were negative. Micrococcus luteus. CHARACTERISTICS: Micrococcus spp. Former members of the genus Micrococcus, now assigned to other genera, include Arthrobacter agilis, Nesterenkonia halobia, Kocuria kristinae, K. rosea, K. varians, Kytococcus sedentarius, and Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis (1,2). They do not survive well and die quickly in natural soil. Fungi, molds, and yeast prefer an acidic environment, with optimum activities at a pH of 4 to 6. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: Gram-positive bacteria are generally susceptible to a number of disinfectants, including phenolic compounds, hypochlorites (1% sodium hypochlorite), alcohols (70% ethanol), formaldehyde (18.5 g/L; 5% formalin in water), glutaraldehyde, iodines (0.075 g/L)(7). Mesophiles = 0, Extremophile = 1, Negative = 0, Positive = 1, Indeterminate = 2, Microbes that live anywhere in the human body and are not pathogenic to humans (i.e. Former members of the genus Micrococcus, now assigned to other genera, include Arthrobacter agilis, Nesterenkonia halobia, Kocuria kristinae, K. rosea, K. varians, Kytococcus sedentarius, and Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis (1,2). SOURCES/SPECIMENS: Skin (particularly in exposed regions of the body) of humans and animals, dairy products, and various environmental sources, including soil, marine and fresh water, plants, fomites, dust, and air(2,3). DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY: Micrococcus spp. One pH of 6.8 and fuchsia above a pH of 7.4. Keywords: Ampicillin, Lonar lake, M. luteus, Penicillin acylase, Staphylococcus. Chemically defined media have been developed for the growth of two moderately halophilic bacteria, Micrococcus morrhuae K-17 and Micrococcus luteus K-15. Are there any known antibiotics that this species is sensitive to? CA from M. lylae retained 80 % stability in the pH and temperature range of 6.0–8.0 and 35–45 °C, respectively. They have been shown to persist on human skin for extended periods of time ranging from few months to at least one year (up to two and a half years for several strains of M. luteus)(3). For enquiries, contact us. Colony Morphology: yellow round smooth umbonate opaque dull Cellular Morphology: coccus tetrads Gram-positive. They have been associated with various infections, including bacteremia, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis, and infections associated with ventricular shunts and central venous catheters(2). M. luteus is most common and is found in nature and in clinical specimens. According to Lieble (2002), lysozyme functions best at temperature ranges From the growth profile, M. luteus strain BAA2 attained the maximum growth at 30 h of incubation (Figure 3B). Growth of micrococci may be significantly reduced at temperatures >45 °C, pH <6, and in high salt concentrations (>15%)(9). When the Penassay Seed Agar was buffered to pH 6.1 and the sensitivity of the microbe to the antibiotics was tested as before no double zones of inhibition could be observed. Gloves when direct skin contact with infected materials or animals is unavoidable(11). Further this activity is exhibited in a wide range of salinity from 0-30 ppt with optimum lytic activity observed at around 20 ppt. Their optimal pH is in the alkaline range, and most are very sensitive to low pH and salt. PREPARED BY: Pathogen Regulation Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada. Sccharomyces cerevisiae . The pH of the bacterial culture was increased at every 3 h interval till 27 h, subsequently the culture became stable (Figure 3A). It can grow at 45°C and in 10% Sodium Chloride. No = 0, Yes = 1. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010 Transmission usually occurs through contaminated surfaces and/or objects. Results . You will not receive a reply. The optimal pH at which this species grows. SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: M. luteus, M. lylae, M. antarcticus, and more recently M. endophyticus, M. flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. The pKa of SA is 4.76 and the working pH range is from 3 to 6.5. Micrococcus, Corynebacteria and Propionibacteria Copyright © The extended preservation capacity up to pH 6.5 makes SA superior over other commonly used preservatives such as propionates and benzoates (6). causing human disease) No = 0, Yes = 1, Does the species causes disease in plants? From the growth profile, M. luteus strain BAA2 attained the maximum growth at 30 h of incubation (Figure 3B). While wearing protective clothing, gently cover the spill with absorbent paper towel and apply appropriate disinfectant, starting at perimeter and working towards the centre. it was found that in the pH domain 6.7-8.6 frequently used in experiments involving hen lysozyme, the pH optimum of lysis of Micrococcus luteus cells at low ionic strength (0.02-0.05) by the high-temperature form (40 degree C, physiological temperature) was one to two pH units lower than that by the are relatively susceptible to most antibiotics, including vancomycin, penicillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin, which have been successfully used for treating infections caused by these bacteria(2). M. morrhuae K-17 grows well in a synthetic medium (SM-1) which contains a number of salts, 0.21 M KCl, 2 M NaCl, D-mannose, five vitamins and ten amino acids. Their maximum protease productions were at pH 7 and 9, respectively for Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus species (1.23586 U/ml/min and 1.19804 U/ml/min, respectively). belonging to a recognized group of disease-invoking agents in humans or animals and having an Ԡ , U] F zV0 d & ]3 - Y tAQ 3 یLP. Results indicate that M. luteus is capable of lysing cells of V. harveyi. They are catalase positive, oxidase positive, indole negative and citrate negative. Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, nonmotile, coccus, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic bacterium that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae. ; M. luteus was first known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus and was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 µm in diameter. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Micrococcus spp. If the species was not widely studied, the Staphylococcus spp. STORAGE: The infectious agent should be stored in sealed containers that are appropriately labelled(11). Allow sufficient contact time before clean up(11). No = 0, Yes = 1, Does the species causes disease in animals? Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 15(6):424-5. DISPOSAL: Decontaminate, either by steam sterilization, incineration, or chemical disinfection, before disposal(11). At pH 6.6 maximal activity of lysozyme is observed over a wider range of ionic strengths (0.02–0.100 M) than at pH 9.2 (0.01–0.06 M) (Dave, 2010). and closely related genera are generally regarded as harmless saprophytes that inhabit or contaminate the skin, mucosa, and perhaps also the oropharynx; however, they can be opportunistic pathogens for the immunocompromised(2,3). halophiles, oligotrophs, and others. RISK GROUP CLASSIFICATION: Risk Group 1(10). DRUG RESISTANCE: Resistance has been found in certain strains against nitrofurantoin, macrolides (erythromycin), and lincomycin(5,6). and closely related genera, occur worldwide and are ubiquitous. Only a few species can grow at pH values of less than 2 or greater than 10. CHARACTERISTICS: Micrococcus spp. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. Schroeter 1886, Micrococcus lysodeikticus Fleming 1933, "not Micrococcus luteus" Lehmann and Neumann 1896. Colony Morphology: Colonies are circular, yellow, convex and smooth. The lowest protease activities in both organisms were at pH 11. pH before sterilisation: 7.8 Usage: Maintenance and taxonomy (e.g. Transmission via inhalation of contaminated droplets and/or aerosols may also be possible. Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Micrococcineae; Micrococcaceae No = 0, Yes = 1, Is the species spore-forming? This risk group applies to the genus as a whole, and may not apply to every species within the genus. REGULATORY INFORMATION: The import, transport, and use of pathogens in Canada is regulated under many regulatory bodies, including the Public Health Agency of Canada, Health Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Environment Canada, and Transport Canada. They can be found in boiling hot springs; they can be found in frigid waters in the artic. Although the information, opinions and recommendations contained in this Pathogen Safety Data Sheet are compiled from sources believed to be reliable, we accept no responsibility for the accuracy, sufficiency, or reliability or for any loss or injury resulting from the use of the information. growth, and against a wide range of bacterial attack (3, 4, 5). List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), is a Gram-positive bacteria, 0.05 to 3.5 microns in diameter, that is most commonly found in mucous membranes such as the nasal cavities, the upper respiratory tract, and the lining of the mouth.If we were to break down the word Micrococcus, it would be as follows: Micro, for microscopic; coccus for the organism's spherical shape; luteus for "yellow". The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain LW4(T) contained amino acid residues of lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine and aspartic acid. Ideal pH range 5-7 optimum pH is 6 Cannot withstand prolonged UV radiation Bright green metallic growth on EMB plate. PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: Micrococcus spp. All the … species in 2011. Efficacy of the disinfectants was tested against those isolates using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by broth dilution method using different dilutions of the disinfectants. RESERVOIR: Humans and animals (ubiquitous in the environment)(2,3). They are found on the skin of humans and other animals and in soil, marine and fresh water, plants, fomites, dust, and air(2,3). Comparative analysis of Micrococcus luteus isolates from blood cultures of patients with pulmonary hypertension receiving epoprostenol continuous infusion. They have also been isolated from blood and surgical specimens in some patients with coronary and infectious conditions(3). Carbonic anhydrase (CA) was purified from Micrococcus lylae and Micrococcus luteus with 49.90 and 53.8 % yield, respectively, isolated from calcium carbonate kilns. Actinobacteria -> Bacteria-> Actinobacteria-> Actinobacteria-> Actinomycetales-> Micrococcaceae-> Micrococcus-> Micrococcus luteus-Optimal pH 37 Optimal Temerature 1 Pathogenicity Yes Antimicrobial Susceptibility No Spore Forming Yes Biofilm Forming Extremophile Extreme Environment Positive Gram Stain Yes Microbiome Location No Plant Pathogen - Animal Pathogen Copy Short URL. SPILLS: Allow aerosols to settle. Colony Morphology: irregular lobate flat opaque dull. No = 0, Yes = 1, Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme environments, as opposed to organisms that live in COMMUNICABILITY: Not known to be transmitted directly from person-to-person. It can form in tetrads or irregular clusters but not in chains and belongs to the family Micrococcaceae. Actinomycetales -> 1. No immunological or biochemical detection techniques are currently available. The activity of lysozyme is a function of both pH and ionic strength. They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. Note: Tang and Gillevet, propose to reclassify the ATCC 9341 strain as Kocuria rhizophila. PRIMARY HAZARDS: Likelihood of infection is low; however, avoid accidental parenteral inoculation, ingestion, and inhalation of infectious droplets. Extracellular proteinases are produced by several species of ‘micrococci’, although their activity is optimal in an alkaline pH range, being almost negligible at pH values below 5.5. MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Transmission is possible through contact with contaminated objects and/or surfaces (demonstrated by bacterial transfer associated with paper-towel dispensing)(4). are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly aerobic cocci bel… Users are responsible for ensuring they are compliant with all relevant acts, regulations, guidelines, and standards. Note: All diagnostic methods are not necessarily available in all countries. Fact Sheet: Micrococcus luteus Download PDF here. If the species was not widely studied, the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) was used to determine the optimal pH for storage. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Micrococcus spp. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. concentrations [10 % (w/v) NaCl], temperatures of 15–41 6C and a pH range of 5–12. extended history of safe usage and 4 being a species that can cause a very serious human disease, It has also been isolated from … for which no prophylaxis is known. Hirata Y, Sata M, Makiuchi Y, Morikane K, Wada A, Okabe N, Tomoike H. 2009. © 2021 The Microbe Directory. and closely related genera, occur worldwide and are ubiquitous. The carriage rates were highest on the skin of the head, legs, and arms compared to those for nares and axillae. Most natural environments have pH values between 5 and 9, and organisms with pH optima in this range are most common. Microbial ecology of people Skin #3 Most relate to 4 phyla: Actinobacteria: Gram-positive bacteria e.g. It showed highest (99.7 %) 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Micrococcus yunnanensis YIM 65004T followed by Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665T (99.6 %) and Micrococcus endophyticus YIM It is urease and catalase positive. NAME: Micrococcus spp. The kinetics of lysis of Micrococcus luteus by hen egg-white lysozyme in dilute buffer media is characterized by pronounced substrate inhibition. 0000002602 00000 n Description: Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, non-motile, coccus, saprotrophic bacterium. COGEM released a comprehensive database of pathogenicity assessment of around 2575 bacterial Soybean meal extract was the best nitrogen source for protease production whereas sucrose was the best carbon source. A Gram-positive bacterial strain, designated YIM 56238 (T), was isolated from plant roots (Aquilaria sinensis), and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. ATCC was used to determine the optimal temperature for storage. SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Micrococci are relatively resistant to drying and to moderate temperature changes(2). With one of the smallest genomes of free-living actinobacteria, it is found in a wide range of environments, but intraspecies genetic diversity and adaptation strategies to various environments remain unclear. Bacillus cereus. CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS: Containment Level 1 facilities, equipment, and operational practices for work involving infectious or potentially infectious materials. The pH optimum for most bacteria is between 6.5 and 7.5. Bacteria -> The optimal temperature at which this species grows. Micrococci may be distinguished from staphylococci by a modified oxidase test as shown below- Colony Morphology: white top round smooth … If two far ranges of pH were determined, the average was taken. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. were determined, the average was taken. Micrococcaceae -> No = 0, Yes = 1, Is the species biofilm-forming? Newly discovered hazards are frequent and this information may not be completely up to date. One study (of 115 people) reports that up to 96% of people living in 18 states of USA carried micrococci, with the majority being M. luteus(3). Actinobacteria -> Description: Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, non-motile, coccus, saprotrophic bacterium. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Properly fastened protective laboratory clothing. capable of This category includes acidophiles, thermophiles, osmophiles, are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly aerobic cocci belonging to the family Micrococcaceae(2,3). They usually occur in irregular clusters, tetrads, and pairs(2,3), where individual cells are about 1 to 1.8 µm in diameter(2) and are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming(3). FIRST AID/TREATMENT: Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be administered as required, treatment should be supportive. Micrococcus luteus-4 (S-1A), Staphylococcus hyicus (S-2C), Micrococcus luteus-1 (S-4A), Pasteurella pneumotrop (S-3A) and Micrococcus sp.(S-5B). M. luteus has been reported as the causative agent in cases of intracranial abscesses, pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and meningitis(2). Micrococcaceae become one of the dominant microbial groups throughout curing of different kinds of dry cured hams, as well as during ripening of dry fermented sausages. It will grow on a variety of media including Tryptic Soy Agar, Standard Methods Agar, Nutrient Agar, and Sheep Blood Agar. LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: No cases of laboratory-acquired infections have been reported to date. All rights reserved. can be isolated from biological samples (taken from skin) using culture techniques (on agar media)(2,3). This strain was previously designated as a quality-control strain in a number of papers and it is also cited as the standard culture in several official SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: M. luteus, M. lylae, M. antarcticus, and more recently M. endophyticus, M. flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living i… Habitat: Found on the skin of humans and other mammals. Micrococcus luteus. neutral to slightly alkaline pH and within 60 to 80oC. If two far ranges of temperatures Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil.